Innovative breakthroughs in novel biomaterials for traumatic brain injury and cranial repair  期刊论文  

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major global health challenge due to its complex pathophysiology and long-term neurological sequelae. Current treatments are insufficient to promote neural repair and functional recovery, highlighting the urgent need for innovative strategies. Biomaterial-based approaches have emerged as transformative solutions, offering new possibilities for TBI treatment and cranial repair. This review explores the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) simulation in TBI repair, emphasizing ECM-inspired biomaterials that replicate natural microenvironments to support cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Advanced biomaterials regulate cell behavior through biophysical and biochemical cues, enhancing neural regeneration. Strategies for activating key signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1, are discussed, showing how biomaterials promote neuroprotection, reduce inflammation, and support tissue repair. The review also highlights the potential of 3D printing technology to design personalized scaffolds to address TBI repair''s structural and functional complexities. Finally, neural interfaces are presented as cutting-edge bioelectronic systems that integrate with neural tissues, reducing mechanical mismatch and promoting functional recovery. These interfaces provide a platform for precise neural stimulation and real-time monitoring. By integrating ECM simulation, advanced biomaterials, 3D printing, and neural interfaces, this review provides a comprehensive framework for addressing the challenges of TBI repair. These innovations hold promise for developing personalized, next-generation therapies to improve patient outcomes and advance regenerative medicine. Future research should focus on developing dynamic, intelligent biomaterials, advancing 3D printing for precise tissue reconstruction, and integrating biomaterials with gene and drug therapies to create personalized, multi-faceted treatment approaches for traumatic brain injury repair.Graphical abstractThe complex pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the long-term neurological sequelae make traditional treatment methods limited in effectiveness, necessitating urgent innovation in strategies. Researchers have explored a variety of biomaterials and technologies. Biomaterials that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide a microenvironment similar to the natural setting, supporting cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation, thereby promoting neural regeneration. These materials modulate cell behavior to enhance the effects of neural repair. At the same time, 3D printing technology has been applied to design and manufacture personalized scaffolds that can precisely adapt to the anatomical structure of patients, addressing the structural and functional complexities of TBI repair and thus improving treatment outcomes. As a cutting-edge bioelectronic system, brain-computer interfaces have been introduced to integrate with neural tissue, reducing mechanical mismatch and providing precise neural stimulation and real-time monitoring to promote functional recovery. 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(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)ECM(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),3D (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)TBI(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)3D(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).